Modern C++ standards¶

Building Python wheels with modern C++ standards (C++11 and later) requires a few tricks.

manylinux2014 and C++20¶

The past end-of-life manylinux2014 image (based on CentOS 7) contains a version of GCC and libstdc++ that only supports C++17 and earlier standards.

manylinux_2_28 are newer and support all C++ standards (up to C++20).

macOS and deployment target versions¶

The MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET environment variable is used to set the minimum deployment target for macOS.

However, to enable modern C++ standards, the deployment target needs to be set high enough (since older OS X/macOS versions did not have the necessary modern C++ standard library).

To get C++17 support, Xcode 9.3+ is needed, requiring at least macOS 10.13 on the build machine. To use C++17 library features and link against the C++ runtime library, set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET to "10.13" or "10.14" (or higher) - macOS 10.13 offers partial C++17 support (e.g., the filesystem header is in experimental, offering #include <experimental/filesystem> instead of #include <filesystem>); macOS 10.14 has full C++17 support. CPython 3.12+ require 10.13+ anyway.

However, if only C++17 compiler and standard template library (STL) features are used (not needing a C++17 runtime) it might be possible to set MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET to a lower value, such as "10.9". To find out if this is the case, try compiling and running with a lower MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: if C++17 features are used that require a more recent deployment target, building the wheel should fail.

For more details see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcode, and https://xcodereleases.com/: Xcode 10 needs macOS 10.13 and Xcode 11 needs macOS 10.14.